• Ground, Geothermal and Formation Waters
  • Anions by Ion Chromatography F, Cl, NO2, PO4, Br, NO3, SO4
  • Cations by ICP-MS
  • Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
  • Dissolved Organic Carbon Analyzed by oxidative combustion to CO2 and detection by IR according to EPA Method 415.1.
  • ICP-MS Scan (27 metals)
  • D/H (water) Hydrogen in water is reduced to H2 over a zinc metal catalyst, and the H2 analyzed in a dual collecting isotope ratio mass spectrometer.
  • 18O/16O (water) Oxygen in water is equilibrated isotopically with CO2 of known 18O/16O ratio, and the CO2 analyzed in a dual collecting isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Water bodies such as lakes and regional precipitation have characteristic H/D and 18O/16O ratios which can be used to identify their contribution to mixed waters. This is particularly useful in identifying sources of subsurface waters.
  • 34S/32S of Dissolved SO4 and H2S Dissolved sulfate is precipitated as BaSO4, and the sulfate reduced over quartz catalyst to SO2, which is analyzed in a dual collecting isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The 34S/32S ratio of dissolved SO4 has been used to identify sources of sulfur in water bodies and sources of water in mixed water bodies.
  • 15N/14N of dissolved nitrate is measured by the cutting edge “Denitrifier Method”, which requires less than 100mL of sample nitrate water. N2O gas produced is analyzed in the GC-IRMS”. 15N/14N of dissolved NH3 is measured by the diffusion method. NH3 diffused from the solution and converted to (NH3)2SO4 on a “sulfuric acid filter sandwich”, which is then analyzed in the EA-IRMS.
  • Dissolved NO3 and NH3 (required for N isotopes) Ammonia is analyzed by ammonium specific electrode.
  • 13C/12C of Dissolved Carbonate and CO2 (precipitation method) Dissolved carbonate is precipitated as BaCO3, which is converted to CO2 and analyzed in a dual collecting isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The 13C/12C ratio can be used to identify the source of the CO2 in the water.
  • 13C/12C of Solid Carbonate/Bicarbonate